A few authors have written about the co-occurrence of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation (Kamal et al., 2020), but to date, little attention has been paid to the reinforcing properties of these three detrimental states

These activated eosinophils significantly correlated with tissue inflammation severity and were associated with enhanced production of reactive oxygen species, indicated by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reducing activity in severely inflamed mucosa ( Interestingly, a recent study revealed that PD-L1 + eosinophilsidentified as active eosinophils with a T cell regulatory function via single-cell transcriptomics in a mouse model of colitis (more on this later)exhibited significant abundance in PD-L1 samples from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease compared to healthy controls ( 3.4 Eosinophil-derived cell free granule proteins in tissue and bodily fluids Activated eosinophils release an array of toxic granule proteinsnotably eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), major basic protein (MBP), and eosinophil peroxidase (EPX/EPO)which can be detected in tissues, blood, stool, or other fluids in a cell-free form

Type III effectors orchestrate a complex interplay between transcriptional networks to modify basal defence responses during pathogenesis and resistance
Int J Mol Sci 13(6):66516664