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While oral glutathione supplements are commonly marketed for their health benefits, they are largely ineffective as they are not absorbed by the body

Evidence that glutathione and the glutathione system efficiently recycle 1-cys sulfiredoxin in vivo

Glutamine-derived -ketoglutarate (-KG) is an essential intermediate in the TCA cycle

In light of this, we examine emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at reprogramming this axis, including pharmacological BA receptor modulation, microbiota-based interventions (e.g., engineered microbes, FMT, dietary strategies), and their synergistic potential with established cancer treatments like immune checkpoint inhibitors