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111 Another study has shown that the hypoxic environment upregulates the expression of HIF-1a, which activates the BMP4/SMAD signaling pathway, leading to an increase in ALP content and enhanced expression of osteogenic-related factors OCN and OPN, thereby promoting the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs

Red flag symptoms requiring immediate evaluation include new grinding sounds after trauma, accompanied swelling lasting more than 48 hours, or inability to fully straighten the joint

Its most visible effects include stimulating collagen synthesis, reducing fibrosis, and promoting hair follicle activity, but its deeper mechanisms involve DNA repair, anti-inflammatory regulation, and systemic tissue remodeling that extends well beyond skin-deep benefits

Murciano, C