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Paulis L, Simko F

Reduced plasma levels of vitamins A, E and -carotene, coupled with decreased antioxidant enzyme activity in the intestinal mucosa, correlate with IBD severity and may serve as indicators of disease activity (69)

In 2017, worldwide antibiotic consumption reached 93 million tons (Tiseo et al., 2020), and projections indicate that this figure could exceed 236 million tons by 2030, with aquaculture contributing approximately 5.7% of that total (Schar et al., 2020)

Finally, we discuss promising biomarkers derived from microbial, inflammatory, and erythrocyte pathways that may facilitate early diagnosis and the development of diseasemodifying therapies