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In both in vitro and in vivo models, the study reported that GHK-Cu reduced the production of TNF- and IL-6 through the suppression of NFB p65 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling

They added GHK-Cu in concentrations of 10 M to 10 M and measured: Collagen synthesis (by radioactive proline incorporation) Non-collagen protein synthesis Cell proliferation What they found: Stimulation of collagen synthesis by 70 % at the optimal concentration of 10 M (1 nM) The effect was NOT dependent on increased proliferation, fibroblasts increased production per cell Background: GHK without copper had a dramatically weaker effect , Cu is critical Reversibility: After removing GHK-Cu, synthesis returned to baseline Why it matters: This is the fundamental mechanistic study that documented the effect of GHK-Cu on collagen

At 4.5 mg, weight loss was notably higher than liraglutide, but GI side effects and injection site reactions increased substantially

Barrier Function The stratum corneum the outermost skin barrier benefits from copper peptide-induced improvements in lipid synthesis