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Through the activation of the transcription factor Nrf2, the expression of HO-1 can be increased, the EGCG was capable of protecting cells against oxidative stress ( FIGURE 6 3.4 Proteostasis and autophagy Polyphenols, a heterogeneous collection of naturally occurring chemicals present in plants, have a substantial impact on regulating proteostasis and autophagy, which are essential mechanisms in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders ( 3.5 Neurotrophic factors Polyphenols have the ability to increase the production of neurotrophic factors, specifically BDNF, which promotes the development, survival, and differentiation of neurons ( 3.6 Epigenetic modifications Polyphenols have the ability to affect the way genes are expressed by using epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modification ( Additionally, polyphenols may control non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, which are essential for the regulation of gene expression ( in vitro and animal research, clinical trials investigating the epigenetic effects of polyphenols remain scarce

Another cause - granted, identified as rare - is a B12 deficiency

Accessed July 10, 2014