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Superoxide radical and hydroperoxyl radical An important electron transfer reaction occurs in mitochondria via leakage of an electron from the electron transfer chain to oxygen during oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in the formation of a primary radical, superoxide radical anion (O 2 + e O 2 ) (Boveris and Cadenas 1982)

Significant progress has been made in constructing GSH-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) capable of site-specific therapeutic release within the tumor microenvironment [15]

doi: 10.3389/fcell.2025.1611055 Received 13 April 2025 Accepted 02 June 2025 Published 16 July 2025 Volume 13 - 2025 Edited by Rosa Vona, National Institute of Health (ISS), Italy Reviewed by Sidra Islam, Case Western Reserve University, United States Sajal Sen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States Updates Copyright 2025 Qi, Mu, Hu, Li and Liu

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