gst glutathione sepharose A. beads coated with GST-GRD have the ability to The spin columns are supplied with a resin bed volume of 0.2 Thermo Scientific Pierce Glutathione Magnetic

When the NF-B pathway is activated, it triggers production of pro-inflammatory proteins downstream, such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), which in turn causes inflammatory responses and pain

Notably, autophagy dysfunction and metabolic disturbances form a vicious cycle - impaired autophagic flux exacerbates glucose and lipid metabolic imbalances (Kim and Lee, 2014), which may serve as a key driver for the progressive metabolic deterioration in DM (Figure 3)

The rapid production of ROS upon activation is termed oxidative burst, which is catalysed by a multicomponent enzyme, NADPH oxidase (NOX) 7

Lee I, Piao S, Kim S, Nagar H, Choi SJ, Kim M, Vu GH, Jeon BH et al (2023) IDH2 deficiency promotes endothelial senescence by eliciting miR-34b/c-mediated suppression of mitophagy and increased ROS production