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Researchers developed both high-energy methods (e.g., high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization, ultrasonication) and low-energy methods (e.g., spontaneous emulsification, phase inversion techniques) to reliably produce these nanoscale emulsions

Thiamine works as a co-enzyme for complexes including enzymes essential for intracellular glucose metabolism, such as transketolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), and -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Accordingly, this review addresses the possible role and mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in RA and discusses the potential and challenges of mitochondria as a potential therapeutic strategy for RA, thereby providing a breakthrough point in the prevention and treatment of RA