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Bikfalvi A, da Costa CA, Avril T, Barnier J-V, Bauchet L, Brisson L, et al

During the assay, the culture medium was supplemented with 5.5 mM glucose for the NG and HG-A groups and 25 mM glucose for the HG-C group, to match organotypic culture conditions

Mechanism of Action of IGF-1 LR3 IGF-1 LR3 binds to the IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) , activating intracellular pathways such as: PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway Drives protein synthesis and muscle growth MAPK pathway Influences cell proliferation and differentiation Key effects include: Stimulating muscle stem cells (satellite cells) Increasing nitrogen retention in muscle tissue Enhancing glucose uptake for energy and glycogen replenishment Promoting connective tissue healing 6

doi: 10.1007/s11481-018-9780-y 143