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Abbreviations ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Akt: Protein kinase B AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase APR: Acute phase response CIM: Critical illness myopathy CIP: Critical illness polyneuropathy CIPNM: Critical illness polyneuromyopathy DEP: Differentially expressed protein DW: Diaphragm weakness EPS: Electrophysiological studies ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 FF: Fat-free FLI: Free leptin index FOXO: Forkhead Box O GH: Growth hormone HGD: Handgrip dynamometry IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1 IL-1: Interleukin-1 IL-1ra: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist IL-6: Interleukin-6 IL-11: Interleukin-11 I-B: Inhibitor of B IR: Insulin resistance IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate 1 JAK/STAT: Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription LIF: Leukemia inhibitory factor MAFbx/Atrogin-1: F-box protein-1 MC4-R: Melanocortin-4 receptor MODS: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome MOF: Multiorgan failure MRCss: Medical Research Council sum score MuRF1: Muscle-specific ring finger protein 1 Musa1: Muscle ubiquitin ligase of the SCF complex in atrophy-1 MyHC: Myosin heavy chain Myh1, Myh3, Myh7: Myosin heavy chain 1, 3, 7 Myog: Myogenin Mymk: Myomaker Mymx: Myomixer NMBAs: Neuromuscular blocking agents NF-B: Nuclear factor-B NMES: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation Ob-R: Leptin receptor OMM: Outer mitochondrial membrane PGC-1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1 PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase POMC: Proopiomelanocortin PTP1B: Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B ROS: Reactive oxygen species SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome SC: Satellite cell Smart: Specific of muscle atrophy and regulated by transcription SOCS3: Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 SPSB1: SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 1 TRII: Transforming growth factor- type II receptor TCPTP: T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase TMT: Tandem Mass Tag TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor- TNFR1: TNF- receptor subtype 1 TNFR2: TNF- receptor subtype 2 TWEAKFn14: TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosisfibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 UPS: Ubiquitin-proteasome system VMH: Ventromedial hypothalamus References Piva S, Fagoni N, Latronico N

S.SchleichN.et al (2014)

Changes in GCL activity can result from regulation at multiple levels affecting only GCLC or both GCLC and GCLM subunits

Cyp11b, Cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B