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coli GI: Gastrointestinal HLA: Human leukocyte antigen HT: Hydroxytryptamine IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease IEC: Intestinal epithelial cell IFN: Interferon IG: Immunoglobulin IL: Interleukin IR: Immune response LAP: Listeria adhesion protein LPS: Lipopolysaccharide LTA: Lipoteichoic acid MAC: Microbiota-associated carbohydrates mTG: Microbial transglutaminase Muc2: Mucin-2 NF-B: Nuclear factor-kappa B NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs PAD: Peptidylarginine deiminase PAMP: Pathogen-associated molecular pattern PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls POPs: Persistent organic pollutant PPI: Proton pump inhibitor RA: Rheumatoid arthritis RF: Rheumatoid factor SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids SI: Small intestine SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus Th17: T helper 17 TJ: Tight junction TLR: Toll-like receptor TNF: Tumour necrosis factor tTG: Tissue transglutaminase T1D: Type-1 diabetes ZO: Zonula occludens References Abreu MT (2010) Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: how bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function