northern green frog rana clamitans melanota roads Lithobates Green Frog / Bronze Frog

These have been shown to mediate cell proliferation, expansion, and maintenance of the root stem cell niche in Arabidopsis (Matsuzaki et al., 2010

IGF-1 activates mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle, promoting muscle protein synthesis and supporting lean tissue maintenance

As previously stated, it is possible that L-Carnitine, creatine, and L-leucine enhanced muscle mass by synergistically increasing muscle protein synthesis

Indeed, astaxanthin is known for its ability to stabilize cell membranes and neutralize free radicals through its polyene chain, while capsaicin could potentially modulate the electronic state of astaxanthin's polyene chain